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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konoid</span></h1>
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<p>Ein <b>Konoid</b> (von griechisch κωνος Kegel und -ειδης ähnlich) ist in der Mathematik eine <a href="Regelfl%C3%A4che" title="Regelfläche">Regelfläche</a>, deren Erzeugendenschar (Geraden) die beiden Zusatzbedingungen
</p>
<ul><li><b>(1)</b> Alle Erzeugenden der Fläche sind parallel zu einer Ebene, der <i>Richtebene</i>.</li>
<li><b>(2)</b> Alle Erzeugenden schneiden eine feste Gerade, die <i>Achse</i>.</li></ul>
<p>erfüllt.
</p>
<ul><li>Das Konoid heißt <i>gerade</i>, falls die Achse zur Richtebene <i>senkrecht</i> steht.</li></ul>
<p>Wegen <b>(1)</b> ist jedes Konoid eine <i><a href="Catalansche_Fl%C3%A4che" title="Catalansche Fläche">Catalansche Fläche</a></i> und kann durch eine Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\mathbf {c} (u)+v\mathbf {r} (u)\ ,}">
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<p>beschrieben werden. Jede Flächenkurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v)}">
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</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det(\mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {\dot {r}} ,\mathbf {\ddot {r}} )=0}">
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<p>ausdrücken.
</p>
<ul><li>Ist die Leitkurve ein Kreis, so heißt das Konoid <i>Kreiskonoid</i>.</li></ul>
<p><i>Bemerkung:</i>
</p>
<ol><li>Ein Konoid ist (wie eine Gerade) unbeschränkt. Eine grafische Darstellung kann also immer nur einen endlichen Teil der Fläche zeigen.</li>
<li>Der Begriff Konoid wurde bereits von <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> in seinem Traktat <i>Über Konoide und Sphäroide</i> geprägt.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerades_Kreiskonoid">Gerades Kreiskonoid</h3></div>
<p>Die Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=(\cos u,\sin u,0)+v(0,-\sin u,z_{0})\ ,\ 0\leq u<2\pi ,v\in \mathbb {R} }">
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<dd>beschreibt ein <i>gerades</i> Kreiskonoid mit dem Einheitskreis in der x-y-Ebene als <i>Leitkurve</i> und einer zur y-z-Ebene parallelen <i>Richtebene</i>. Die <i>Achse</i> ist die Gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,0,z_{0})\ x\in \mathbb {R} \ .}">
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<p><i>Besonderheiten</i>: 1) Jeder horizontale Schnitt ist eine Ellipse, 2) Die Umrisse der im Bild gezeigten Teilfläche bzgl. der Hauptrichtungen sind ein Rechteck, ein Kreis und ein Dreieck (s. 2. Bild), 3) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-x^{2})(z-z_{0})^{2}-y^{2}z_{0}^{2}=0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> das exakte Volumen: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}r^{2}h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}r^{2}h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdcc35d9a13bf9d18db2452f175f4a7eb7114d6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.106ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}r^{2}h}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die implizite Darstellung wird von der ganzen Gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,0,z_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,0,z_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41e8f943076a592f354ab4c8960e7bbed4618ecc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.505ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,0,z_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt. In den Punkten dieser Gerade existieren keine <a href="Tangentialebene" title="Tangentialebene">Tangentialebenen</a>. Man nennt solche Punkte <i>singulär</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperbolisches_Paraboloid">Hyperbolisches Paraboloid</h3></div>

<p>Die Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=(u,-1,-u)+v(0,1,u)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=(u,-1,-u)+v(0,1,u)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4711c52738face24fb30cbeb5f5521425a9e802f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.625ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=(u,-1,-u)+v(0,1,u)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =(u,v-1,u(v-1)),\ u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =(u,v-1,u(v-1)),\ u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c9da48a1d2ce0601863c693415eef9367bc8e3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =(u,v-1,u(v-1)),\ u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>beschreibt das <a href="Hyperbolisches_Paraboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolisches Paraboloid">hyperbolische Paraboloid</a> mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=xy\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=xy\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66595e397f331e7c17944bae20701b8777a6dd73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.899ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=xy\ .}" loading="lazy"></span> Es ist eine Fläche 2. Grades (<a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadrik</a>).</dd></dl>
<p>Die Leitkurve dieses Konoids ist die Gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (0,-1,0)+u(1,0,-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (0,-1,0)+u(1,0,-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6d3a1f01625429c4e238d9e5db2f13fb87c83b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (0,-1,0)+u(1,0,-1)}" loading="lazy"></span> (im Bild rot), die Richtebene ist parallel zur y-z-Ebene. Wählt man die x-Achse als Achse, ist das Konoid <i>gerade</i>. Da bei diesem Beispiel durch jeden Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1763d17c5403027b78436a322b36413d2dbcba00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.82ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> der Fläche außer der Erzeugenden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14333451233a923635163a0a46645fb42e2fd1e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.766ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u_{0},v)}" loading="lazy"></span> auch die weitere Gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/920b5885fee44da65743a927427c4fcc8f663f53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.766ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span> verläuft, kann man auch eine dieser weiteren Geraden als Achse wählen. Allerdings ist nur die zuerst genannte Achse senkrecht zur Richtebene. In diesem Fall könnte man die x-Achse sowohl als Leitkurve als auch als Achse wählen.
</p><p>Das hyperbolische Paraboloid besitzt keine singulären Punkte.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plücker-Konoid"><span id="Pl.C3.BCcker-Konoid"></span>Plücker-Konoid</h3></div>

<p>Die Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,c\sin u\cos u)+v(\cos u,\sin u,0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,c\sin u\cos u)+v(\cos u,\sin u,0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1d3f921b43ce3adb1f011455af248825431e6d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.601ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,c\sin u\cos u)+v(\cos u,\sin u,0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\left(v\cos u,v\sin u,c\sin u\cos u\right)\ ,0\leq u<\pi \ ,\ v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,c>0\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\left(v\cos u,v\sin u,c\sin u\cos u\right)\ ,0\leq u&lt;\pi \ ,\ v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,c&gt;0\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/378a6f01e2ac035e1061954f061a60acfa7d8a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:57.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\left(v\cos u,v\sin u,c\sin u\cos u\right)\ ,0\leq u<\pi \ ,\ v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,c>0\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>stellt ein <b><a href="Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Plücker</a>-Konoid</b> mit der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2})z=c\;xy}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2})z=c\;xy}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce89dd4de494232f236b943ff84c0a4a0088b851.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.572ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2})z=c\;xy}" loading="lazy"></span> dar.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <i>Leitkurve</i> ist eine zweifach durchlaufene Strecke auf der z-Achse, die <i>Achse</i> des Konoids ist die z-Achse und die Richtebene ist parallel zur x-y-Ebene. Da die Achse senkrecht auf der Richtebene steht, ist das Konoid <i>gerade</i>.
</p><p>Die implizite Darstellung wird von der ganzen z-Achse erfüllt. Die Punkte der z-Achse sind singulär (es existieren keine Tangentialebenen).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitney_Umbrella">Whitney Umbrella</h3></div>

<p>Die Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,u^{2}\right)+v\left(u,1,0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,u^{2}\right)+v\left(u,1,0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad25994e9617fa3b8f98aa6ec07b29e6bf60eb2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.603ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(0,0,u^{2}\right)+v\left(u,1,0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\left(uv,v,u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\left(uv,v,u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dab3530ffd05592716400c9cf01d52f673a577c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.859ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\left(uv,v,u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>stellt einen <i><a href="Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Whitney</a> Umbrella</i> mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}=y^{2}z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}=y^{2}z}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f5546909d9029cba93e27763710065483cce813.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.785ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}=y^{2}z}" loading="lazy"></span> dar. Die Fläche ist ein Konoid mit der zweifach durchlaufenen positiven z-Achse als <i>Leitkurve</i>, der z-Achse als <i>Achse</i> und einer zur x-y-Ebene parallelen <i>Richtebene</i>. Da die Achse senkrecht auf der Richtebene steht, ist auch dieses Konoid <i>gerade</i>.
</p><p>Die implizite Darstellung wird auch von der negativen z-Achse, dem Griff des Schirms, erfüllt. Die Punkte der z-Achse sind singulär (es existieren keine Tangentialebenen).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parabolisches_Konoid">Parabolisches Konoid</h3></div>

<p>Die Parameterdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(1,u,-u^{2}\right)+v\left(-1,0,u^{2}\right)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(1,u,-u^{2}\right)+v\left(-1,0,u^{2}\right)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cf1fac3536634d513ab470c45e645df6996ae51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.762ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (u,v)=\left(1,u,-u^{2}\right)+v\left(-1,0,u^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\left(1-v,u,-(1-v)u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\left(1-v,u,-(1-v)u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/282ef10128b14041efd2d509e579fb604c7d2d6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.482ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\left(1-v,u,-(1-v)u^{2}\right)\ ,u,v\in \mathbb {R} \ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>stellt ein <i>parabolisches Konoid</i> mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=-xy^{2}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=-xy^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9db6df4bd28100627cc6a7b9fc96648cddee3eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.539ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=-xy^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> dar. Das Konoid hat eine Parabel als <i>Leitkurve</i>, die y-Achse als <i>Achse</i> und eine zur x-z-Ebene parallele <i>Richtebene</i>. Da die Achse senkrecht auf der Richtebene steht, ist das Konoid <i>gerade</i>. Es wird in der Architektur als Dachfläche benutzt (s. Anwendungen).
</p><p>Das parabolische Konoid besitzt keine singulären Punkte.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wendelfläche"><span id="Wendelfl.C3.A4che"></span>Wendelfläche</h3></div>
<p>Auch die <a href="Wendelfl%C3%A4che" title="Wendelfläche">Wendelfläche</a> ist ein gerades Konoid. Sie besitzt keine Singularitäten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>


<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_der_Mathematik">In der Mathematik</h3></div>
<p>Unter den Konoiden gibt es zahlreiche einfache Beispiele von Flächen mit <a href="Singularit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singularität (Mathematik)">Singularitäten</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_der_Architektur">In der Architektur</h3></div>
<p>Konoide finden, wie andere Regelflächen auch, in der Architektur Verwendung, da sie sich leicht aus Strecken (Balken, Stäbe) modellieren lassen. <i>Gerade</i> Konoide können besonders leicht hergestellt werden: Man fädelt Stäbe so auf eine Achse auf, dass sie sich nur um diese Achse drehen können. Anschließend lenkt man die Stäbe mit Hilfe einer beliebigen Leitkurve aus und erzeugt damit ein gerades Konoid. (Siehe parabolisches Konoid.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PlueckersConoid.html">mathworld: Plückers Conoid</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathcurve.com/surfaces/plucker/plucker.shtml">mathcurve: Pluecker Konoid</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathcurve.com/surfaces/conoide_parabolique/conoide_parabolique.shtml">mathcurve: parabolisches Konoid</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://k3dsurf.sourceforge.net/">K3Dsurf: 3d surface generator</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><i>Kleine Enzyklopädie Mathematik</i>, Harri Deutsch-Verlag, 1977, S. 219.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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